1 50 16 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/35d3d9ea8516edea1581b59067f32755.jpg 83dee864d382ed761d951bfd1cd8dad0 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/285039ebb39c9625dafd1fb16cc9c6a2.jpg 9e33d410224f4e0584bb6dc77d1218e3 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/bf6574b4c3c7c1466706d2bc6443cf56.jpg 600815c35d880523a87dc531945aae2f https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/5a7b012558b3c836afd5c10eb0130c75.jpg 7144583581ebf0fff2880855b3544321 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Albany Slip Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. This utilitarian stoneware has a vitrified off-white paste fired at 1200-1350° Celsius. The exterior is reddish-brown in color and can range to black or green depending on oxidization during the firing process. The clay used to make the slip has a high iron content, which contributes to the color, and can change or bleach if there is ash present during wood firing (Greer 1981:38). This slip is typically paired with another glaze, but can appear on its own, as seen in this collection. See “Bristol Glazed and Albany Slip stoneware” and “Salt Glaze stoneware” for more information. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html Greer, Georgeanna H. 1981    American Stonewares; The Art & Craft of Utilitarian Potters.  Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 1800s to mid 1900s; Popular late 1800s to early 1900s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p46/ACC 133, p2/Acc 133, p1318/ACC 140, p4782/ACC 170, p1139/ACC 170 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Albany Slip Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/0f83db784ad141235feef1939ec9af2b.jpg ce99cdcc7d8b76d66c02462b7e23e64f https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/7a37279e4721696922a3563884955116.jpg c951c566590292e2a66aea6f2b2c95bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alkaline Glazed Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. Stoneware is characterized by a hard, impermeable, and non-porous body with a wide variety of paste colors—usually buff/tan but can sometimes be brown or grey. It is generally fired at 1200-1350° Celsius. Alkaline glaze stoneware is mostly found and was produced in the Southeastern U.S. from North Carolina to Texas. It is characterized by a shiny transparent glaze made from a combination of wood ash or lime, clay, and some form of silicate (this can vary regionally). The color can range from green to dark or pale brown depending on the iron content of the clay and/or kiln conditions (Greer 1981). The texture can range from smooth and shiny to runny/streaky and may be more or less translucent depending on whether wood ash or lime was used as a base, with wood ash producing a more translucent glaze (Greer 1981:202). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Greer, Georgeanna H. 1981 American Stonewares; The Art & Craft of Utilitarian Potters. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania. https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1810-mid 1900s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ash based- p1318/ACC 140, p1655/ACC 140, p272/ACC 165, p5284/ACC 170, p5295/ACC 170, p1765/ACC 170, p5/ACC 189, p5/ACC 189, p418/ACC 193. Lime based- p/1655/ACC 140, p1666/ACC 140, p305/ACC 190 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Alkaline Glazed Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/9c0b5276102b856a1e2f18534d2c27a0.jpg bdbe784d2d09b6a80f7653d5005886a7 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/f94677eea8f6e26c8561606c782faa09.jpg 547d1d6f7be2396c43540f8b314c6293 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bristol Glazed & Albany Slip Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. This utilitarian stoneware has an off-white vitrified paste generally fired at 1200-1350° Celsius. It is characterized by a combination of the off-white Bristol glaze and brown Albany slip. See “Bristol Glaze stoneware” and “Albany Slip stoneware” for an explanation of individual color variations. This combination is typically seen on liquor jugs and other utilitarian wares. When not applied to jugs, a Bristol glaze is typically applied to the exterior, with the Albany slip being on the interior. The color combination is done for decorative purposes and ease of cleaning but was very popular during the last half of the 19th century up through the early 20th century when the need for utilitarian jugs started to decline with the rise of glass and plastic after the Great depression, particularly in the southeast (Baldwin 1992:186). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baldwin, Cinda K. 1993 Great and Noble Jar; Traditional Stoneware of South Carolina. The University of Georgia Press, Athens. https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 1800s to mid 1900s; Popular late 1800s to early 1900s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p2/ACC 133, p2/ACC 133, p1672/ACC 133, p2/ACC 133, p1672/ACC 133, p487/ACC 170, p509/ACC 170, p5295/ACC 170, p4/ACC 189, p202/190, p160/ACC 190, p305/ACC 190 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Bristol Glazed & Albany Slip Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/28b042c2a4a9ea0d5da0f24f9af8d7f7.jpg 8688de694074b2e6d4cdd1a15e227049 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/6d2abc8faff46296a651cf995c8df625.jpg 4aa8addae9ee4ee47242ec603e0ffe64 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/ed250c045189678da8688be7b97afcad.jpg b3a8ffe6512dc0920cfc833ff2156d1c https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/f89b4f4b289a5d4187f94c5167922e3d.jpg 859567d0b40d04902eb60e83d6370221 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/c81e54552420bc41f042ed03e61ab0e9.jpg b2210a63867114b7f45ada73a7746cd0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bristol Glazed Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. Bristol Glazed stoneware is characterized by an off-white glaze (Bristol) developed during the Victorian Era to cover the buff body of utilitarian Stoneware. While this originated in England, it became popular in North America in the late 1800s and is seen on a variety of stoneware vessels. The glaze is traditionally composed of feldspathic materials, like those used in porcelain glazes, and contains combinations of China clay and zinc oxide changing the opacity of the white color glaze (Greer 1981:210, 212). Like other utilitarian stoneware, Bristol Glaze stoneware has an off-white vitrified paste generally fired at 1200-1350° Celsius. If the glaze is applied on a vessel with a high iron content, it may have a pink-ish hue. It is most often seen to cover the entire vessel, instead of being combined with another glaze, after 1920 (Greer 1981:212). In this collection, Bristol Glaze Stoneware is commonly found and often has patterns, maker’s marks, and decorations that aid in distinguishing between uses of the vessels. For example, the ship motif seen above comes from an Old Spice bottle, similar to the one in pictures 3 and 4. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html#Footnote2 Greer, Georgeanna H. 1981 American Stonewares; The Art & Craft of Utilitarian Potters. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1960s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p1204/ACC 140, p1338/ACC 140, p1764/ACC 170, p3116/ACC 170, p4763/ACC 170, p1836/ACC 170, p472/ACC 170, p1836/ACC 170, p4/ACC 189, p354/ACC 193 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Bristol Glazed Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/3186c51faa1ee13d658f2a94455fc14d.jpg e2052eb1a47d982c1abdafd16c00daf2 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/4f58ac214226a2b51b7928afc69c9ac0.jpg 43ecfbdb7f70ba8700a73018f4d0cba0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Color Glazed Refined Earthenware Description An account of the resource Color Glazed Refined Earthenware is characterized by a brightly colored glaze. The paste is compact, yet grainy, and fired at appx. 1100-1200° Celsius. The paste is comparable to other types of refined earthenware, and these are possibly factory made given the timeline in which they were produced. This category combines the necessary classifications for refined earthenware with the presence of a brightly colored glaze, often followed by a clear, shiny glaze to prevent color chipping. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/BeginnersGuideToHistoricCeramicIdentification.html https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/introduction/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early to mid-20th century Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p4840/ACC 170, p4840/ ACC 170, p511/ACC 170, p1902/ACC 170, p45/ACC 212 Color Glazed Refined Earthenware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/db33c48425c79a1e41f92ed43e2424bf.jpg bacf03d5ded007b5eb2f687afbb3c429 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/7392bc8585e5bbc1282f0527264f1689.jpg 5521885c0db500a35a901c284edfb2cb https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/88671cca28fae415f342fe554b65d455.jpg 701dda253ab451862ab84560f57149fa https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/ba713c8390b5597ea4e00743d2ff63f3.jpg 0ca376dafe46c7b52d5cb4493614aac2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glazed Coarse Earthenware Description An account of the resource The Glazed Coarse Earthenware type is characterized by a porous paste, sometimes with inclusions, fired at approximately 900-1200° Celsius. The glaze can range in color, from clear to brown, and may even appear painted (see pictures 1 and 2) under the remains of a clear glaze. Specific glaze colors can break this classification down into further types, but for the purposes of showcasing the variation within this collection, they are grouped together. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/BeginnersGuideToHistoricCeramicIdentification.html https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/introduction/#:~:text=Refined%20earthenware%20(also%20known%20as,Usually%20lead%2Dglazed. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/introduction/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1950 Large range; it is difficult to place these artifacts within a single small date range. Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p46/ACC 212, p46/ ACC 212, p5295/ACC 170, p488/170, p1644/ACC 133 Glazed Coarse Earthenware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/eb7f50e0a3591876d2a40778f52f849e.jpg 24ad89e5856861af8516dcb7419fdef4 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/c8749b81f49312c262f57ed1a8af3cd5.jpg 698c1168f78e11354e66d27795fa9d4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hard Paste Porcelain Description An account of the resource Hard paste porcelain is typically separated into three categories of identification: Chinese, Japanese, and European. For the purposes of this collection, the broader hard paste porcelain category is used to separate these pieces from those in the soft paste porcelain category. Hard paste porcelain has an extremely compact and highly vitrified paste with a clear, glassy glaze. The paste is often made of kaolin and a finely ground feldspathic rock, but there is some variation within this depending on the place of origin. Hard paste porcelain is typically fired at 1250-1500° C, but those in the European category are fired twice, like soft paste porcelain, between 1300-1400° C. these European porcelains were very common in North America between 1880 and 1920 (Majewski and O’Brien 1987:128). Most hard paste porcelain is decorated in an underglaze print, but there is variation depending on the origin of production. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/PorcelainWareDescriptions/HardPastePorcelain-intro.html https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/PorcelainWareDescriptions/ChinesePorcelain-intro.html https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/PorcelainWareDescriptions/EuropeanHardPastePorcelain-intro.html https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/PorcelainWareDescriptions/JapanesePorcelain-intro.html Majewski, Teresita, and Michael J. O’Brien 1987 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. Archaeological Method and Theory 11:117.   Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 1800s-mid 1900s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p1642/ACC 133, p547/ACC 170, p547/ACC 170, p547/ACC 170, p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p1203/ACC 140, p303/ACC 190, p303/ACC 190, p303/ACC 190, p303/ACC 190, p908/ACC 133 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Hard Paste Porcelain https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/fdba1bfa28f1ef724efd72d07b852f27.jpg 5031875d140e519ccc58223213e195d2 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/4e94e812dc7a7fee82472aee250c7d43.jpg f8064d0a4eb0fc4dd9133de91f1042bc https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/8a0a985be5c6c21460b35f888313c4a6.jpg 77397b50958ecf273a1d77b4ce76ed57 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/fec9af8a3e43feafa85c6b91766d87b6.jpg 8d711dd42e8874d315398d37d6c0325f https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/8d791352822f6d5cca2da9defe2bbd42.jpg 06eb6e64eb369f6647ad97f6a5dc7d9f https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/8917b6c6870e11e45267d5f9e4024fc2.jpg 8e9d522eea0369e91f1708908f17dce3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ironstone Description An account of the resource Ironstone is characterized by a white, vitreous or semi-vitrified paste with a clear, glass-like glaze. The temperature at which it is fired is variable but is likely between that of stoneware and porcelain (between 1200-over 1300°C). Ceramics of this type generally have thicker bodies that are not translucent, distinguishable from porcelain, though they are often confused. Ironstone is generally utilitarian and can be found in a variety of areas, both rural and urban. Ironstone is sometimes known as “Stone China”, particularly referencing ceramics of this type produced after 1830, but not in all cases. Prior to the 1830s, ironstone was often heavily decorated with a blue-tinted glaze; this declined in popularity after the 1850s (Miller 1991:9-10). Between the 1850s and early 1900s, a “white granite paste” was more commonly seen; this consisted of a hard paste with some variation in “graininess”, sometimes appearing like stone and otherwise appearing like a grainy stoneware (Miller 1991:10). This often depends on the vitreosity of the paste and inclusions or chemicals added during the firing process. In some collections, ironstone can be broken down into more categories, including hotel-ware or industrial-ware. These distinctions are difficult to differentiate from one another and share a multitude of similar qualities. Hotel-ware can then be broken down into three categories based on thickness: 7.9-9.5mm (armed forces and lunch counters), 3.9-6.4mm (hotels and restaurants), and under 6.4mm (home use wares). While this distinction is not necessarily relevant to this collection, it is potentially relevant to others. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Miller, George L. 1991 A Revised Set of CC Index Values for Classification and Economic Scaling of English Ceramics from 1787 to 1880. Historical Archaeology 25: 1-23. https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/Index-Porcelain.html https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/typeceramics/type/ironstone-undecorated/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700s-1900s; for the purposes of this collection, 1850s-1960s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p45/ACC 133, p467/ACC 170, p5362/ACC 170, p4719/ACC 170, p5329/ACC 170, p5329/ACC 170, p1966/ACC 170, p5240/ACC 170, p485/ACC 170, p1839/ACC 170, p4719/ACC 170, p4720/ACC 170, p5362/ACC 170, p4720/ACC 170, p4719/ACC 170, p4720/ACC 170, p5296/ACC 170, p4834/ACC 170, p304/ACC 190, p304/ACC 190, p367/ACC 193, p45/ACC 212, p45/ACC 212, p251/ACC 220 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Ironstone https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/73407e966870b8f6927185d65049403b.jpg 3dcc1abd719431590fa669abb4bea933 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/56e19a2bd62febbe1f0ec94a92c6490a.jpg 8ce3e69123ac07f4926638e1337068c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rockingham Ware Description An account of the resource Rockingham-wares share many features of yellowwares and are often categorized as a type of yellowware, though some earthenwares and stonewares also have a rockingham glaze (Claney 2004:32). They are characterized by their thin, brown glaze overlaying a yellow body. They can also have apple-green glazes that were common from 1900-1940, featured in this collection. After the introduction of Staffordshire potters to North America in the 1830s, rockingham-ware became very popular and can be seen with either a uniform or streaked glaze depending on the year of production. Streaked glazes were popular from 1840-1870, with uniform glazes reigning in popularity from 1830-1840 and again after 1870. The pastes of these vessels were likely fired at a range of 1100-1350° C depending on the type of vessel used (earthenware, stoneware, etc.). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Less%20Commonly%20Found/YellowWare/index-YellowWare.html https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Less%20Commonly%20Found/Rockingham/index-Rockingham.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1830-1940 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Earthenware- p1647/ACC 133, p1647/ACC 133, p1428/ACC 140, p1755/ACC 170, p5366/ACC 170. Stoneware- p3208/ACC 170, p3208/ACC 170. Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Rockingham Ware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/2d849449e938da32817f4728b1276b77.jpg 5ea0de01839cf2420a886fb68b10be66 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/cc80852d8515b3cbcb5870279750f7ab.jpg 732b4660fb24a1ae9207c8dc4c0d1ce3 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/fe1987f5a8145d0114cd97b291a994d0.jpg 4602246b06694cce5d46afdb7f422008 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/e47165987bae68a18fb81d778764f6a5.jpg 1fa142d58b76746d9c48327ceef42f35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Salt Glazed Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. Stoneware is characterized by a hard, impermeable, and non-porous body with a wide variety of paste colors—usually buff/tan but can sometimes be brown or grey. It is generally fired at 1200-1350° Celsius. Salt glaze stoneware is one of the most common glazes, characterized by a dimpled “orange peel” texture. This occurs when salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The color of the salt glaze can range from light grey or tan to dark grey but can also have a reddish hue depending on the iron content of the clay and variable kiln conditions (Greer 1981: 35). Salt glaze is usually seen with an Albany slip (see “Albany slip stoneware” for more details) on the inside of the vessel after 1860 and without an Albany slip interior prior to 1860. Production of salt glaze stoneware slowed to a near halt after 1900 (Greer 1981:263). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Greer, Georgeanna H. 1981 American Stonewares; The Art & Craft of Utilitarian Potters. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania. https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1800-1930s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p1765/ACC 170, p1/ACC 133, p46/ACC 133, p272/ACC 165, p272/ACC 165, p272/ACC 165, p5296/ACC 170, p1753/ACC 170, p1765/ACC 170, p470/ACC 170, p488/ACC 170, p305/ACC 190, p39/ACC 190, p731/ACC 190 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Salt Glazed Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/ca829f9500b3d344662170a6de883640.jpg fe886bda9ce8d0b60f1027d44b1d4254 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/24aec2123c448a83cc2602d41c4ffc43.jpg 7190b9d20d3e57bf38b4e7dbf0da0443 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soft Paste Porcelain Description An account of the resource Soft paste porcelain originated in England and is a cheaply made copy of the hard paste China-imported porcelain of the time. Also known as “artificial” porcelain, soft paste porcelain is characterized by a dense and chalky paste with little to no visible inclusions. It has high variation and a slightly higher porosity than hard paste porcelain. It may contain black specks on the surface of the paste, but this is more commons with hard paste porcelain (Cushion and Cushion 1992). Soft paste porcelain is fired twice: once at a higher temperature to create the base “biscuit” ware (1100-1250° C), and then again at a lower temperature to for the glaze (1050-1150° C) (Ramsay and Ramsay 2008). Soft paste porcelain is fired at a lower temperature and for a shorter amount of time than hard paste porcelain. Porcelain can be identified in a variety of ways, but the most common is to shine a light through the vessel. If the light can be seen, it is most likely porcelain. This is more frequently used to identify hard paste porcelain as it is thinner with a more glass-like paste. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Cushion, J. and Mary Cushion 1992 A Collector’s History of British Porcelain. Antique Collectors’ Club, Ltd., Woodbridge, Suffolk. Ramsay, W. R. H. and Elizabeth G. Ramsay 2008 A Case for the Production of the Earliest Commercial Hard-Paste Porcelains in the English-Speaking World by Edward Heylyn and Thomas Frye in About 1743. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 120(1):236-256. https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Porcelain/PorcelainWareDescriptions/SoftPastePorcelain-intro.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mid 1700s-1900s Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p1/ACC 133, p908/ACC 133, p5239/ACC 170, p5239/ACC 170, p5293/ACC 170, p304/ACC 190 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Soft Paste Porcelain https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/81ced7ab6c500efe884355d15a09e6be.jpg 64b79832f36e926daf48b302f1c1d7de https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/df17bf5e5c25c5eb7d1d440dbb6ead6c.jpg 9ff387965fe55c72c5042c84b2872098 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unglazed Coarse Earthenware Description An account of the resource Unglazed Coarse Earthenware is characterized by a grainy and porous paste with many inclusions. There is no glaze associated with this type, so the exterior texture is rough matching the interior texture. The surface of the ceramics may be rubbed smooth or may even show evidence of firing. They can appear as any vessel form and are the most basic type of earthenware, often used for utilitarian purposes. These ceramics are fired at a low temperature, approximately 900-1200° Celsius. This categorization primarily serves as a general placement for coarse earthenware than cannot be identified based on glaze. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/BeginnersGuideToHistoricCeramicIdentification.html https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/glossary/paste-type/ https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/typeceramics/type/unglazed-coarse-earthenware-generic/ https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/introduction/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1950, generally for this collection Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p46/ACC 212, p8/ACC 189, p8/ACC 189, p8/ACC 189, p5367/ACC 170, p5367/ACC 170, p1206/ACC 140, p1703/140 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Unglazed Coarse Earthenware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/200c41324c342beaf2db7d46fdc039e4.jpg 9af2be95362410c42fa742ea239ac423 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/0bc4ea8b6a01243b9c6dd79f1dfcb87d.jpg 6ceb931237927e9f62a4a0746af2bfd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unglazed Refined Earthenware Description An account of the resource Unglazed Refined Earthenware is characterized by a smooth texture and a compact paste, likely fired at approximately 1100-1200° Celsius. This particular example is possibly machine made, evidenced through its uniformity, smooth texture, and highly compact paste. This categorization is purposefully general and serves to showcase the variation of this collection. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://collections.peabody.harvard.edu/objects/details/722179 https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/SurfaceTreatment-Glaze.html#earthenware-surfacetreatment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mid 20th century Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p410/ACC 193 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Unglazed Refined Earthenware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/3416b4f6dc5891d4dc720d93e2d2fea1.jpg aae836ce6651cc28a5e9c367d5b169e7 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/729adffc3328623073d602a767700b85.jpg eeb730e79a2b8e8ce0e24b8e38a1ebea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unidentified Stoneware Description An account of the resource Stoneware production in the U.S. began at different times but took off in the 19th century. After the civil war, stoneware production increased even further with the use of industrial pottery techniques, including the use of molds to create vessels. This industrialization put most local potteries out of business by the Great depression. This example of stoneware is unique in this collection. Its paste is grey, highly compact, and has no visible inclusions. It was likely fired between approximately 1200-1350° Celsius. The exterior is smooth and the same color as the paste with lightning-like decoration and ridges on the interior. This particular pattern is not seen elsewhere in this collection, nor is the grey-colored stoneware paste. This piece of unidentified stoneware serves as an example of the variability of both this collection and of stoneware overall. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/NorthAmericanStoneware/index-NorthAmericanStoneware.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Inconclusive (likely post 1900) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p4719/ACC 170 Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Unidentified Stoneware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/c58a196a7499e4216ef9950e9102674b.jpg 4623423c137218b520832442e9a1a916 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/e73b77218b72c4a419215d927feaf34a.jpg a2e1178689e3086da59a2abc8d597e85 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/47af380e87dc6d8e920702011d744233.jpg 97582b37d7b686a3dd8ee4ac60ce11e2 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/8d2928914545b68b070b374bf27e6ca7.jpg b0fdab595440855794a314b5ccf51dfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whiteware Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p45/ACC 133, p45/ACC 133, p3/ACC 139, p1320/ACC 140, p5366/ACC 170, p1839/ACC 170, p529/ACC 170, p5366/ACC 170, p5366/ACC 170, p5362/ACC 170, p1872/ACC 170, p4840/ACC 170, p1766/ACC 170, p1839/ACC 170, p207/ACC 189, p356/ACC 190, p356/ACC 190, p356/ACC 190, p356/ACC 190, p45/ACC 212 Description An account of the resource Whiteware is a general term for white earthenware, which encompasses a variety of decorative types and styles, including creamware and pearlware for the purposes of this collection. Many whitewares have a white paste with a clear glaze that allows for decoration, such as a transfer printing*. Whiteware paste is also hard and semi-porous; it may even appear chalky. Whiteware is a form of refined earthenware and is generally fired at approximately 1100-1200° Celsius. Sometimes a separate category, cream-colored wares (or creamware) are categorized by their cream-colored hue and paste that has wide variation and often has the same decorative types as white earthenware. In this categorization cream-colored wares are included in the whiteware category as they can be difficult to differentiate with age and their separation is not as important to this collection as it may be to others. Another category, pearlware, was also included in this whiteware classification as they are a white earthenware that include a distinctive blue tint to the glaze to enhance the whiteness of the vessel, traditionally used as an identifier. Since it can be difficult to define the line between pearlware and whiteware, as both may use cobalt to enhance the whiteness of the body, they have been combined and can be separated by decoration if need be. *Transfer printing occurs when copper plated designs are transferred to tissue paper, which is then applied to white earthenware under a clear glaze. This was popular from the 1870s to the early 1900s when decals became popular for their ease of decorating mass-produced ceramics in the United States. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/index-PrintedEarthenwares.htm https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Shell%20Edged%20Wares/Shell%20Edged%20Wares%202nd%20page.htm#EvolutionofCreamware https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/ceramic-types/introduction/ Majewski, Teresita, and Michael J. O’Brien 1987 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. Archaeological Method and Theory 11:117. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Early 1800s-mid 1900s in this collection Whiteware https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/14851a7cf44ed49d1a332eb67a420476.jpg 2568f1d7d877681a7a0943e083786b1c https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/d8f45049ae9e4aca0b1f154285cbc456.jpg d12fd867397e2f4624e5a46e108007fe https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/4a942f2d7daf5d05c98b2d376fb92a2a.jpg b1750b57b41d2ae21da6b1c4d0e149a7 https://martaphoenixproject.gsuanthropology.com/files/original/97974a431dd8018cb8446f4633ad829d.jpg a61e00336ce7bd0777676af9316463b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Ceramic Type Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cloe Ellington Description An account of the resource This type collection serves to showcase the variance within ceramic typologies identified in the MARTA archaeological collection. Sixteen broad categories were created to provide identification criteria for future research. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yellowware Description An account of the resource Yellowware is characterized by a buff (yellow-toned) paste in a variety of tones and a clear-yellow glaze. This glaze does not often have yellow dye and can be clear to accentuate the paste color. The paste is commonly a refined earthenware, but it can sometimes be a stoneware and is likely fired between 1100-1350° C depending on the type of vessel used (earthenware, stoneware, etc.). Mocha ware (the flower-like pattern) and annular ware (the striped pattern) are both forms of yellowware, but can also be included together on one vessel, hence grouping them into the larger typology. Rockingham-ware is sometimes considered a yellowware as well, but there are differences within Rockingham-wares that warrant their own typology. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Less%20Commonly%20Found/YellowWare/index-YellowWare.html Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1797-1936; 1846-1936 for the purposes of this collection. Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant p1673/ACC 133, p1673/ACC 133, p881/ACC 133, p226/ACC 165, p4840/ACC170, p5366/ACC 170, p5366/ACC 170, p1839/ACC 170, p1839/ACC 170, p1872/ACC 170, p46/ACC 212, p45/ACC 212, p45/ACC 212. Annular/Mocha- p2/ACC 133, p1320/ACC 140, p1766/ACC 170, p4812/ACC 170, p1902/ACC 170, p191/ACC 171, p3/ACC 189, p375/ACC 193. Yellowware